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Macro-Khoisan etymology :

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\data\bush\khoiet
Proto-Khoisan : *ǂqhU
Meaning : Combretum sp. (tree)
Proto-Bushman : *ǂqhU
Proto-Khoe : *ǂʔô
Notes : The North Khoisan forms may be Khoe borrowings, but the parallel between Khoe and !Xóõ would rather indicate common descent.
Proto-Khoisan : *ǂŨ
Meaning : to buy
Proto-Bushman : *ǂõh
Proto-Khoe : *ǂũ̌
Notes : Dubious in the light of the root's semantics, but the exact mechanisms of its appearance in !Xóõ and =Hoan are unclear.
Proto-Khoisan : *ǂU (?)
Meaning : egg
Proto-Bushman : *ɡǂhu-
Proto-Khoe : *ǂʔúbí (?)
Proto-Khoisan : *ǂu [~]
Meaning : nose
Proto-Khoe : *ǂúì
Notes : Not found outside Khoe.
Proto-Khoisan : *ǂxo-
Meaning : elephant
Proto-Bushman : 1xo- (?)
Proto-Khoe : *ǂxóà
Notes : See notes on the Peripheral Khoisan reflexes. It is not excluded that, for instance, Southern Khoisan forms of this root are borrowed from Khoe, whereas North Khoisan ones are original.
Proto-Khoisan : *ǂxu (?)
Meaning : bad, evil
Proto-Bushman : *ǂxo
Proto-Khoe : *ǂkxu (?)
Proto-Khoisan : *ʘom
Meaning : to rub in fat
Proto-Bushman : *ʘo̰m (?)
Proto-Khoe : *|om
Sandawe : *ɳ|ome
Notes : Possible borrowing from !Xóõ into CK (the so called "!Xóõ-|Gwi contact zone"). Cf., however, the interesting Sandawe parallel (which could also suggest a way for secondary labialization of the click in South Khoisan).
Proto-Khoisan : ha
Meaning : meat
Proto-Bushman : *!̯ʷkha
Proto-Khoe : *|xá
Sandawe : *mancha (?)
Hadza : *mana (?)
Notes : The Sandawe form is included only because it might, in the long run, provide a clue for the labial click in South Khoisan; but at the present time, this is sheer conjecture. The Kxoe and Peripheral Bushman forms are quite likely to go back to the same source, though.
Proto-Khoisan : *ɳǂa
Meaning : to twitch the limbs > to dance
Proto-Bushman : *ɳǂah
Proto-Khoe : *ɳǂâ
Notes : Semantic differences speak in favour of genetic rather than contact solution here.
Proto-Khoisan : *ɳǂkhãʔ
Meaning : arm
Proto-Bushman : *ɳǂkhãʔ
Proto-Khoe : *ǂhã
Proto-Khoisan : *ɳǂ1nhU
Meaning : mouse
Proto-Bushman : *ɳǂ1ho̰i
Proto-Khoe : *ɳǂúní
Notes : If Khoe and Bushman forms belong together, it's almost certainly not through borrowing.
Proto-Khoisan : *ɳ!a-
Meaning : chameleon
Proto-Bushman : *ɳ!a̰ʔaro
Proto-Khoe : *ɳ!árò
Hadza : *ɳ!anda
Notes : The Bushman forms are hardly borrowed from Khoe; Nort Khoisan, in particular, has a glottalic / pharyngealized vowel that cannot be explained through this scenario.
Proto-Khoisan : *ɳ!a [~]
Meaning : stone
Hadza : *ha!ʔa
Notes : Not found outside Hadza.
Proto-Khoisan : *ɳ!are [~]
Meaning : foot
Proto-Khoe : *ɳ!hare
Notes : Not found outside Khoe.
Proto-Khoisan : *ɳ!aro
Meaning : to freeze
Proto-Bushman : *ɳ!aro (?)
Proto-Khoe : *ɳ!aro
Notes : Within Peripheral Khoisan, only attested in !Xóõ.
Proto-Khoisan : *ɳ!i [~]
Meaning : root
Sandawe : *ɳ!ī
Notes : Only attested in Sandawe.
Proto-Khoisan : *ɳ!oma [~]
Meaning : root
Proto-Khoe : *ɳ!oma
Notes : Not found outside Khoe.
Proto-Khoisan : *ɳ!u
Meaning : land, country
Proto-Bushman : *ɳ!u
Proto-Khoe : *ɳ!ú
Sandawe : *!ʔuma (?)
Notes : See Honken 1998: 181. A cultural term, easily borrowed, although the internal structure of the word in !Xóõ is too complex to be explained as a recent borrowing. The status of the Sandawe form is unclear - but it is not incompatible with Khoe data.
Proto-Khoisan : *ɳ!u
Meaning : far
Proto-Bushman : *ɳ!u
Proto-Khoe : *ɳ!û
Notes : Within Peripheral Khoisan, attested only in =Hoan; however, recent borrowing from |Gui at least should be excluded (the word has lost its click there).
Proto-Khoisan : *ɳ!u-
Meaning : kidney
Proto-Bushman : *ɳ!oh-
Proto-Khoe : *ɳ!ai (?)
Sandawe : *!uŋ!e
Hadza : *!ʔu-kundʒu
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Total of 481 record 25 pages

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